Four point probes are used in nanofabrication to measure the resistive properties of conducting films which may include substrates, deposited films, and doped regions on a sample surface. The four-point probe method can be used to measure volume resistivity, surface resistivity, and conductivity. The four-point probe method is the four-terminal measurement using four-point array probes and with RCF calculation.It can …

Measuring volume resistivity and surface resistivity of conductive materials using the four-point probe method Read More »

Hydrogen fuel cells have gained increasing attention as a sustainable energy source due to their high energy efficiency and low environmental impact. A fuel cell operates by converting the chemical energy from hydrogen fuel and oxygen into electricity, heat, and water. The key components of a fuel cell include the membrane electrode assembly (MEA), the fuel diffusion layer, the oxygen …

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The basic idea of a tensile test is to place a sample of a material between two fixtures called “grips” which clamp the material. The material has known dimensions, like length and cross-sectional area.

Coefficient of Friction (COF) defifines the sliding interaction between two surfaces. Static Friction and Dynamic Friction (or Kinetic Friction) are defifined in many standards including GB10006,   ASTM D1894,   ISO8295,   ISO15359,  GB/T22895.